Sanskrit vocabulary
Table of Contents
- tired
- pariśrānta-. √śram ‘to get tired’ na mā śramat may I not be weary.
- ready
- सज्जः -ज्जं -ज्जा
- small
- kṣudra- kṣodīyas- kṣodiṣṭha-
- big
- mahant- mahīyas- mahiṣṭha-
- new
- yuvan- yavīyas- yaviṣṭha-
- old
- vṛddha- vṛddhatara- vṛddhatama-
- sthavira- (cf. pāḷi thera-)
- jarant-, jīrṇa- ‘decayed’ (from √jṝ)
- cira- ‘existing from ancient times’
- ciraṃtana-, cirantanaṃ navanītam ‘old butter’
- cira-mitra- ‘old friend’
- old, years
- °-varṣa-. trayodaśa-varṣa- ‘13 years old’
- (no term)
- śrī- śreyas- śreṣṭha-
- to think
- √cint, cintayati
- √man, manyate
- to know
- √jñā jānāsi
- √vid veda
- to ask
- √pṛc/√praś pṛcchati
- question
- praśnam (cf. lat. *prec*or, prex)
- answer
- uttaram
- prativacanam
- if
- yadi
- then
- tarhi
- else
- anyathā
- na cet / no cet?
- after
- seen a. a long time बहोर्दृष्टं कालात्,
- page
- pattram
- tat me rocate
- that pleases me ~ I like that (tan me rocate)
- anuhṛhīto ’smi
- I’m obliged
- pare kāle
- next time
- √bandh [9,1] (badhnāti, bandhati)
- ‘to bind’ fut. bhantsyati
- mithunam
- coniunctio carnalis
- good
- susthaḥ °sthaṃ °sthā.
- better
- sustha-tara-
1. days, planets, calendrics &c
- day
- dinam, ahar/ahan-, vāsaraḥ
- day (of the week)
- vāraḥ
- daily
- pratyaha-
- every day
- ahar-ahaḥ, pratyaham
- day by day
- dive dive (ved.) dyavi dyavi, anu dyūn?
- day and night
- ahorātram (ved.?)
- rainy, cloudy day
- durdinam
as a verb: durdināyate ‘it becomes cloudy’ - for three days
- dinatrayam.
“dinatrayaṃ jāpaḥ kṛtaḥ” ‘he did japa for three days’ (acc. of time)
- … days ago
- tribhyo dinebhyaḥ pūrvam
- three days before
- dinatrayāt pūrvam
- idem (dina-traya- ‘3 days’)
- hyas
- yesterday, heri
- adya
- today, hodie
- śvas
- tomorrow, cras
- paraśvaḥ
- day after tomorrow
1.1. planets and the cardinal points
| . | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dik | northwest | north | northeast |
| devatā | marut-, vāyu- | kubera- | īśa-, īśāna- |
| grahaḥ | candramas- | budha- | bṛhaspati- |
| dik | west | east | |
| devatā | varuṇa- | indra- | |
| grahaḥ | bhānuja- = śani- | ravi- | |
| dik | southwest | south | southeast |
| devatā | nairṛta- | yama-, pitṛpati- | agni- = vahni- |
| grahaḥ | rāhu- | mahīsūnu- = maṅgala- | śukra- |
1.2. planets and weekdays
Apparently the oldest known attestation of a seven-day week is this Budhagupta inscription. Before the saptāhaḥ there was a ṣaḍ-ahaḥ, with many instances in the aitareya-brāhmaṇa for instance.
- Indian Calendric System SK Chatterjee
https://archive.org/details/IndianCalendricSystem-SK-Chatterjee
Days of the week with Hindī reflexes.
| weekday | hindi 1 | skt 1 | hindi 2 | skt 2 | skt 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sunday | ravi-vār | ravi-vāraḥ | it° | āditya° | bhānu-vāsara- |
| monday | som° | soma° | candra° | candra° | indu° |
| tuesday | maṅgal° | maṅgala° | bhaum° | bhauma° | bhauma° |
| wednesday | budh° | budha° | - | saumya° | |
| thursday | guru° | guru° | bṛhaspati° | bṛhaspati° | guru° |
| friday | śukra° | śukra° | - | bhṛgu° | |
| saturday | śani° | śani° | - | sthira° |
Planet names with alternatives.
| weekday | planet | |
|---|---|---|
| sunday | āditya-, ravi- | |
| monday | soma-, candra-, indu- | |
| tuesday | maṅgala-, bhauma-, aṅgara- | |
| wednesday | budha-, saumya- | |
| thursday | bṛhaspati-, (deva-)guru- | |
| friday | śukra-, bhṛgu-! | |
| saturday | śanaiścara-, śani-, sthira- |
- Śukra is the son of Bhṛgu and Pulomā.
- √gam [1] (gacchati)
- ‘to go’ opt. gacche-
gaccheyam gaccheḥ gacchet
gaccheva gacchetam gacchetām
gacchema gaccheta gaccheyuḥ - anu + AC.
- ‘after something (AC)’
- √śru
- ‘hear’ śṛṇo-ti.
- hark!
- śrudhi κλῦθι
- √śak (śak-no-ti)
- ‘to be able’. cf. śakti- &c.
- Brazil
- brājīl(y)a-, brājīlya-deśaḥ.
2. questions
Speyer §408. Interrogative sentences are twofold. Sometimes it is the whole action or fact, which is put in question, as “is he gone?”, sometimes it is not the fact itself but one of its elements, that is asked after, as: “where does he dwell? who has seen him?” Questions of the latter type are introduced by interrogative pronouns or adverbs, those of the former 1st by particles, which partly are also derivatives from the interrogative pronoun, 2ly the interrogation is signified by the mere mode of pronouncing.
https://archive.org/details/sanskritsyntax00speigoog/page/n334
3. numerals
| Pāṇ. -tayaP | Pāṇ -ayáC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| eka- | ekaḥ | ekataya- | ||
| dvi- | dvau | dvitaya- | -dvayam | māsa-dvayam ‘dois meses’ |
| tri- | trayaḥ | tritaya- | -trayam | māsa-trayam ‘três meses’ |
| catur- | catvaraḥ | catuṣṭaya- | jala-catvaram ‘tanque quadrado’ | |
| pañca- | pañca | pañcataya- | ||
| ṣaṣ- | ṣaṭ | ṣaṭṭaya- | ||
| sapta- | sapta | saptataya- | ||
| aṣṭa- | aṣṭā(u) | aṣṭā̆taya- | ||
| nava- | nava | ? | ||
| daśa- | daśa | daśataya- |
- what about catvaram?
Aṣṭ. 5-2-42. संख्याया अवयवे तयप्
The affix tayap (_ _((taya))) comes after a numeral, in the sense of "that whereof the parts are so many"
Cf. "The Yoga-System of Patañjali", Woods, pg. 19.
Aṣṭ. 5-2-43. द्वित्रिभ्यां तयस्यायज्वा
The affix ayach (((aya))) is optionally the substitute of tayap, after words dvi and tri.
Aṣṭ. 4.1.15. टिड्ढाणञ्द्वयसज्दघ्नञ्मात्रच्तयप्ठक्ठञ्कञ्क्वरपः
The affix ((ṅīp)) is added, in the feminine, after the Nominal-stems ending in short ((a)), if the affix with which it ends has an indicatory ((ṭ)), or if the affix be (( ha)), or ((aṇ)), or ((añ)) or ((dvayasac)), or ((daghnac)), or ((mātrac)), or ((tayap)), or ((thak)), or ((ṭhañ)) or ((kañ)) or ((kvarap))||
catvāro ’vayavā yasyāḥ sā catuṣṭayī Scholastic Sanskrit 78.
‘Aquela de que há quatro partes (avayava-), ela é quádrupla (catuṣṭayī).’
- folgado / lazy
- अ-लस- सः सं सा.
- tired, cansado
- pariśrānta-, de pari√śram.